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<rss version="2.0" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:trackback="http://madskills.com/public/xml/rss/module/trackback/" xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"><channel><title>质量管理徐老师工作室</title><link>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/</link><description> focus on quality management</description><generator>RainbowSoft Studio Z-Blog 2.3 Avengers Build 180518</generator><language>zh-CN</language><pubDate>Mon, 19 Jan 2026 13:21:05 +0800</pubDate><item><title>MSA分析常见十大误区|MSA培训</title><author>null@null.com (admin)</author><link>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/msa_2172.html</link><pubDate>Mon, 19 Jan 2026 13:14:27 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/msa_2172.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 测量系统分析（MSA）是测量数据可靠的基础，但在实际操作中，很容易陷入一些常见的误区。这些误区会导致分析结果失真，进而影响对数据进一步分析的结论。以下是MSA常见误区：</p><p>误区1. 样本选择不合理。仅选用规格范围内的“中间值”样本，或样本变差过小，无法覆盖实际生产的波动区间，导致分析结果无法反映测量系统的真实能力。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;样品集中在均值附近会压缩零件变差（PV）。需按要求选取覆盖全变差范围的样本（±3σ），高/中/低值样本均匀分布。</p><p>误区2. 忽略破坏性测试的MSA设计。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 对破坏性测试（如材料拉伸）直接套用常规MSA方法，未采用“嵌套型MSA”或“单一样本多次制备”的替代方案，导致分析无效。</p><p>误区3. 认为GRR合格就是测量系统合格。仅关注GRR%（重复性和再现性占比），忽略偏倚、线性、稳定性的分析。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 实际上，如果GRR%合格但偏倚超差，仍会导致测量结果系统性偏离真值。所以要做五性分析（重复性、再现性、偏倚、线性、稳定性）。</p><p>误区4.只依赖校准。校准是在规定条件下只验证设备基础误差，而MSA需评估整个真实测量系统（人机料法环）。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;正确的做法是在校准的前提下，执行量具五性分析。</p><p>误区5. MSA一次性完成，不做更新。这可能忽略系统的稳定性偏倚。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;应对测量系统进行定期复评，在设备校准、人员变动等后，也须复评MSA。</p><p>误区6.偏倚分析基准值错误。基准值不能用同批次测量平均值当基准值。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; MSA的基准值需由更高精度设备多次测量取平均。</p><p>误区7.盲测机制缺失。操作员知晓样件信息会影响结果。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 正确做法是第三方准备隐藏编号的样品，打乱测量顺序。</p><p>误区8.过度依赖软件自动输出结果。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 只要输入数据，软件就能自动输出结论。如果不验证数据输入的合理性（如操作员、测量次数设置错误），直接采信软件的“接受/拒绝”结论，可能导致对测量系统能力的误判。&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>误区9.计数型MSA回避临界样本。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 计数型MSA需包含边界样品（如规格限附近）。边界样本占比≥30%，样本总量≥50件。</p><p>误区10.对计数型测量系统误用计量型MSA分析方法</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;对合格/不合格、通过/不通过这类计数型数据，不能使用GR&amp;R分析，应采用属性一致性分析或kappa分析。</p>]]></description><category>质量工具</category><comments>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/msa_2172.html#comment</comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/feed.asp?cmt=171</wfw:commentRss></item><item><title>GJB9001C标准有哪些条款需要保持成文信息</title><author>hepsoar@163.com (质量管理)</author><link>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/GJB9001C.html</link><pubDate>Sun, 04 Jan 2026 10:03:44 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/GJB9001C.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size: 16px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; GJB9001C标准是为承担军队装备及配套产品论证、研制、生产、试验、维修和服务任务的组织的质量管理体系要求标准，即军工行业质量管理体系标准。为了满足军工质量管理体系的要求，您是否清楚该标准有哪些条款需要保持成文信息？审核时，这些条款需要哪些文件加以支持？</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">为了便于大家掌握，下面以质量管理体系章节从前往后顺序进行梳理，括号中为该条款需要输出的文件。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">1）4.3 确定质量管理体系的范围。组织的质量管理体系范围应作为成文信息，可获得并得到保持。（体系范围通常包含在质量手册文件中）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">2）4.4.2在必要的范围和程度上，组织应：a) 保持成文信息以支持过程运行。（这是标准对保持成文信息的作用的描述，保持成文信息主要是支持过程运行）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">3）5.1.1n)建立诚信管理制度，确保组织的质量诚信。（通常编制《质量诚信管理办法》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">4）5.1.2 以顾客为关注焦点。d) 建立并实施定期征求顾客对产品和服务质量及其改进方面意见的制度。（通常可以编制《顾客满意度管理程序》实施定期征求顾客的意见）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">5）5.2.2质量方针应：a) 可获取并保持成文信息。（通常包含在质量手册文件中）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">6）5.3 组织的岗位、职责和权限。f)确定各级、各部门、各岗位质量职责，建立并实施质量责任追究与激励制度。（通常可以编制《质量奖惩管理办法》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">7）6.2.1组织应保持有关质量目标的成文信息。（通常可以编制《XX年度质量目标分解表》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">8）7.6 质量信息。b)建立质量信息管理制度。（通常可以编制《质量信息管理程序》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">9）8.1f) 确定产品通用化、系列化、组合化以及接口、互换性要求，编制产品标准化大纲。（通常编制《XX产品标准化大纲》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">10）8.1g)按照GJB450、GJB368、GJB3872、GJB2547、GJB900、GJB4239以及GJB1909等标准的要求，确定通用质量特性定性、定量要求及工作项目要求，制定通用质量特性工作计划。（通常编制《XX通用质量特性工作计划》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">11）8.1h)按照GJB2786的要求，编制软件开发计划。</span><a name="OLE_LINK1"></a><span style="font-size: 16px;">（通常编制《XX软件开发计划》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">12）8.1i）按照GJB3206的要求，确定技术状态基线及其技术状态项，编制技术状态管理计划。（通常编制《XX技术状态管理计划》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">13）8.1j)按照相关规定要求，分析评估技术、进度、经费风险对产品和服务质量的影响，制定风险管理计划。（通常编制《XX风险管理计划》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">14）8.3.2 设计和开发策划。设计和开发策划的输出应形成文件，并及时更新。（通常编制《XX设计开发计划或研制计划》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">15）8.3.4i)转阶段评审前达到规定要求，并提出转阶段风险评估报告。（通常编制《转阶段风险评估报告》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">16）8.3.5e)按照GJB909要求，制定关键件（特性）、重要件（特性）项目明细表。（通常编制《关键件和重要件明细表》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">17）8.3.7 新产品试制。c)编制首件鉴定目录。（通常编制《首件鉴定目录》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">18）8.3.8 设计和开发的试验控制。a)编制并评审试验大纲或试验计划。（通常编制《XX试验计划》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">19）8.4.1组织应根据评价的结果编制合格供方名录。（通常编制《合格供方名录》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">20）8.5.1 生产和服务提供的控制。f) 若输出结果不能由后续的监视或测量加以验证，应对生产和服务提供过程实现策划结果的能力进行确认，并定期再确认。确认内容包括：1）过程评审和批准的准则。（通常编制《特殊过程确认准则》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">21）8.5.7关键过程。组织应识别关键过程，编制关键过程明细表。（通常编制《关键过程明细表》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">22）10.3组织应制定、实施质量管理体系年度改进计划，并对完成情况进行评价。（通常编制《XX年度质量管理体系改进计划》）</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 以上条款均须保持成文信息，请重视。</span></p><pre class="js_message_plain ng-binding" ng-bind-html="message.MMActualContent" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-family: inherit; text-wrap-mode: wrap; word-break: normal; background-color: rgb(178, 226, 129);">预约培训或相关项目咨询，请联系徐老师&nbsp;&nbsp;电话：13691373360</pre><p><br/></p>]]></description><category>质量体系</category><comments>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/GJB9001C.html#comment</comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/feed.asp?cmt=170</wfw:commentRss></item><item><title>通过了质量认证，质量问题还频频出现，为什么？该怎么办？</title><author>null@null.com (admin)</author><link>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/16949_7915.html</link><pubDate>Wed, 24 Dec 2025 14:12:27 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/16949_7915.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 为什么通过了IATF16949，ISO9001等质量认证，质量问题还频频出现？该怎么办？很多不了解质量管理体系的人，或者没有在企业亲自运行过质量管理体系的人会有上述的疑问。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;其实，每家通过认证的企业都明白，质量问题频出，不是这些管理体系本身的问题。众所周知的原因，很多认证审核不严格，有些企业甚至体系和管理完全是两张皮，这种情况就需要踏踏实实重新学习，重新导入质量管理体系。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 还有一些企业，质量管理体系一直在规范运行，但质量管理水平仍不尽人意。我们要明白，不论是IATF16949、ISO9001，还是ISO22163、AS9100等质量管理体系，通过认证都只是及格水平。标准中指出，质量管理是一个持续改进的过程。要想让质量管理水平不断提高，质量问题越来越少，必须借助过程方法、内审、管理评审等寻找薄弱环节，针对薄弱环节采取适当措施，持续地完善企业的质量管理体系。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;另一方面，质量管理体系的基础之上，企业需要叠加更多的质量工具和改善方法去从更大维度上提高产品和服务的质量水平，从而提高企业的质量管理水平。面对重点质量问题，要建立改善项目，成立项目小组，利用科学方法和工具集中攻克。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;这些过程都可以求助于咨询机构或咨询专家们。比如说某个过程合格率过低，企业决定要进行改善。生产线的改善会影响到日常生产，改善的需求也非常迫切，必须短时间内取得突破。项目组成员在改善经验不足的情况下着手改进工作，可能会导致长时间影响正常生产，甚至无法取得项目成果而中途放弃。借助专家引导，最大的好处是可以学习专业的改善方法；同时，还能节约了大量的人力和物力，尽早取得突破性改善，一举多得。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 在好的质量管理体系（质量管理框架）的基础上，叠加各种力度的质量改善，再把改善成果标准化到质量管理体系中。靠这样的循环，质量管理水平才能真正提高。</p><p><br/></p><p>&nbsp;徐老师，提供QCC及SPC、DOE等工具类改善项目辅导，各质量管理体系运行辅导，六西格玛管理辅导。13691373360</p>]]></description><category>质量体系</category><comments>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/16949_7915.html#comment</comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/feed.asp?cmt=169</wfw:commentRss></item><item><title>什么是逆向FMEA？</title><author>null@null.com (admin)</author><link>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/RFMEA.html</link><pubDate>Fri, 19 Dec 2025 12:15:15 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/RFMEA.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 潜在失效模式及后果分析FMEA可以分为两大类，一是量产前的FMEA，二是量产中的FMEA，也就是逆向FMEA。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;逆向FMEA顾名思义，就是用您公司的FMEA去逆查您公司的FMEA管理：现场的不合格品都在FMEA的失效模式中了吗？如果没有，就要把新发现的失效模式更新到FMEA中；现场发现的不合格品是怎么发生的，这些失效模式有预防措施、探测措施吗？以上通过现场逆向更新FMEA的过程就是逆向FMEA。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;按照新版控制计划中的定义，逆向 PFMEA 是一种有文件记录的持续改进工具，旨在发现过程预防和探测控制中的差距和弱点。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 具体来说，逆向FMEA也可以理解为反向或被动的更新FMEA的过程。比如现场工艺试验后，获得新的经验和措施，要更新到现有FMEA中。又比如启动问题解决流程后，从现有FMEA内容中查找已经识别的失效模式及其失效原因，来支持问题的分析和解决。当问题解决，新的原因和措施要更新到FMEA中。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;逆向FMEA可以看成是FMEA的过程审核。逆向FMEA的目的主要包括以下几方面：确认FMEA 在现场是否行之有效；发现现场新的潜在风险和遗漏的内容；有些公司有LPA分层审核活动，FMEA的内容是LPA检查内容的一种。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;总之，逆向FMEA的主旨是通过逆向FMEA活动驱动或引导更深度的FMEA优化，反向在现场检验已定义的FMEA内容，确保FMEA文件内容最符合现状。</p>]]></description><category>质量工具</category><comments>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/RFMEA.html#comment</comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/feed.asp?cmt=168</wfw:commentRss></item><item><title>DOE必须掌握：如何通过残差分析判断选定模型是否正确？|DOE培训</title><author>hepsoar@163.com (质量管理)</author><link>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/DOE_7265.html</link><pubDate>Thu, 04 Dec 2025 11:13:30 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/DOE_7265.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 试验设计DOE数据分析中，必须进行残差分析。残差分析的主要目的是基于残差的状况来诊断DOE模型是否与数据拟合得很好。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 单纯从方差分析表及回归系数的估计与检验系数两方面结果来分析整个DOE结果是远远不完整的。为了弥补这个不足，我们要进行残差诊断。如果数据与模型的拟合是正常的，则残差应该是正常的。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(47, 118, 195); font-weight: bold; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">那什么是残差？如何判断残差是正常的呢？</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 残差就是观测到的响应变量数据与代入回归模型后的预测值之差。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">残差应该服从平均值为0，方差为б²的正态分布。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 我们要检验残差是否真的符合以上分布。如果符合，则可以相信选定的模型是正确的，否则就说明选定的模型不正确，要对模型进行修改。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 残差分析主要通过图形化方法进行，直观且有效。<span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(47, 118, 195); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; visibility: visible;">主要使用以下四类图形</span>：</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-weight: bold; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1、残差与拟合值图</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>目的：检查残差是否等方差性。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>如何看：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>理想情况：点随机、均匀地分布在0参考线两侧，无任何趋势或形态。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>漏斗形或扇形：残差范围随拟合值增大而增大/减小，表明异方差性。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>U型或反U型：表明存在曲率未被纳入模型。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>行动：若异方差，考虑对Y进行变换；若存在曲率，考虑在设计中增加中心点或轴向点以研究二次效应。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><img src="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/zb_users/upload/2025/12/2025120440803845.jpg"/></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-weight: bold;">2、正态概率图</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">目的：检查残差是否服从正态性。</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">如何看：点应大致沿一条直线分布。</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">行动：严重偏离直线（尤其是两端）表明非正态性，可能影响置信区间和假设检验的精确性。同样可考虑数据变换。</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/zb_users/upload/2025/12/2025120440804393.jpg" title="正态概率图.jpg" style="font-family: 微软雅黑, 宋体, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; float: none;"/></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br/></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-weight: bold;">3、残差与顺序图</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">目的：检查独立性。</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">如何看：看各点是否随机地在水平轴上下无规则地波动。</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><img src="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/zb_users/upload/2025/12/2025120440804109.jpg"/></span><br/></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-weight: bold;">4，残差与因子图</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">目的：检查<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.034em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">是否有弯曲趋势</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">行动：若存在曲率，考虑在设计中增加中心点或轴向点以研究二次效应。</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/zb_users/upload/2025/12/2025120440803517.jpg"/></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 通过上述残差分析，若残差是正常的，则可以相信选定的模型是正确的，否则就说明选定的模型不正确，要对模型进行修改。残差分析能有效提升模型的有效性。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></p><p><br/></p>]]></description><category>质量工具</category><comments>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/DOE_7265.html#comment</comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/feed.asp?cmt=167</wfw:commentRss></item><item><title>GRR%为什么要小于10%？|MSA培训</title><author>hepsoar@163.com (质量管理)</author><link>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/MSA_8126.html</link><pubDate>Thu, 04 Dec 2025 11:02:07 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/MSA_8126.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 为什么通常要求GRR%小于10%？</div><div node-type="contentBody"><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;GRR%，测量系统的重复性与再现性百分比，是测量系统分析MSA的核心指标之一，用于评估测量系统自身的变差占总变差（或公差）的比例。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;GRR%=GRR/TV&nbsp; &nbsp;*100%</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;TV²=PV²+GRR²，TV为总变差，PV为零件变差，GRR为重复性再现性变差。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;GRR%数值越小，说明测量系统越可靠。</p><p><br/></p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;AIAG对MSA中规定GRR%</p><p>≤10%：测量系统可接受（理想状态）；<br style="--un-rotate: 0; --un-rotate-x: 0; --un-rotate-y: 0; --un-rotate-z: 0; --un-scale-x: 1; --un-scale-y: 1; --un-scale-z: 1; --un-skew-x: 0; --un-skew-y: 0; --un-translate-x: 0; --un-translate-y: 0; --un-translate-z: 0; --un-pan-x: ; --un-pan-y: ; --un-pinch-zoom: ; --un-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --un-ordinal: ; --un-slashed-zero: ; --un-numeric-figure: ; --un-numeric-spacing: ; --un-numeric-fraction: ; --un-border-spacing-x: 0; --un-border-spacing-y: 0; --un-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-shadow-inset: ; --un-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-inset: ; --un-ring-offset-width: 0px; --un-ring-offset-color: #fff; --un-ring-width: 0px; --un-ring-color: #93c5fd80; --un-blur: ; --un-brightness: ; --un-contrast: ; --un-drop-shadow: ; --un-grayscale: ; --un-hue-rotate: ; --un-invert: ; --un-saturate: ; --un-sepia: ; --un-backdrop-blur: ; --un-backdrop-brightness: ; --un-backdrop-contrast: ; --un-backdrop-grayscale: ; --un-backdrop-hue-rotate: ; --un-backdrop-invert: ; --un-backdrop-opacity: ; --un-backdrop-saturate: ; --un-backdrop-sepia: ;"/>10%~30%：需结合特性重要性评估（关键特性通常不接受）；<br style="--un-rotate: 0; --un-rotate-x: 0; --un-rotate-y: 0; --un-rotate-z: 0; --un-scale-x: 1; --un-scale-y: 1; --un-scale-z: 1; --un-skew-x: 0; --un-skew-y: 0; --un-translate-x: 0; --un-translate-y: 0; --un-translate-z: 0; --un-pan-x: ; --un-pan-y: ; --un-pinch-zoom: ; --un-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --un-ordinal: ; --un-slashed-zero: ; --un-numeric-figure: ; --un-numeric-spacing: ; --un-numeric-fraction: ; --un-border-spacing-x: 0; --un-border-spacing-y: 0; --un-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-shadow-inset: ; --un-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-inset: ; --un-ring-offset-width: 0px; --un-ring-offset-color: #fff; --un-ring-width: 0px; --un-ring-color: #93c5fd80; --un-blur: ; --un-brightness: ; --un-contrast: ; --un-drop-shadow: ; --un-grayscale: ; --un-hue-rotate: ; --un-invert: ; --un-saturate: ; --un-sepia: ; --un-backdrop-blur: ; --un-backdrop-brightness: ; --un-backdrop-contrast: ; --un-backdrop-grayscale: ; --un-backdrop-hue-rotate: ; --un-backdrop-invert: ; --un-backdrop-opacity: ; --un-backdrop-saturate: ; --un-backdrop-sepia: ;"/>&gt;30%：必须改进测量系统。</p><p><br/></p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;那么，GRR%为什么要小于10%？</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; GRR试验要求10个件，3个检验员，每人把零件测3遍。计算%EV（设备变差）和%AV（人员变差）</p><p style="text-align: left;"><img src="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/zb_users/upload/2025/12/2025120439947725.jpg" title="GRR.jpg" style="width: 545px; height: 230px;"/></p></div><p style="--un-rotate: 0; --un-rotate-x: 0; --un-rotate-y: 0; --un-rotate-z: 0; --un-scale-x: 1; --un-scale-y: 1; --un-scale-z: 1; --un-skew-x: 0; --un-skew-y: 0; --un-translate-x: 0; --un-translate-y: 0; --un-translate-z: 0; --un-pan-x: ; --un-pan-y: ; --un-pinch-zoom: ; --un-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --un-ordinal: ; --un-slashed-zero: ; --un-numeric-figure: ; --un-numeric-spacing: ; --un-numeric-fraction: ; --un-border-spacing-x: 0; --un-border-spacing-y: 0; --un-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-shadow-inset: ; --un-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-inset: ; --un-ring-offset-width: 0px; --un-ring-offset-color: #fff; --un-ring-width: 0px; --un-ring-color: #93c5fd80; --un-blur: ; --un-brightness: ; --un-contrast: ; --un-drop-shadow: ; --un-grayscale: ; --un-hue-rotate: ; --un-invert: ; --un-saturate: ; --un-sepia: ; --un-backdrop-blur: ; --un-backdrop-brightness: ; --un-backdrop-contrast: ; --un-backdrop-grayscale: ; --un-backdrop-hue-rotate: ; --un-backdrop-invert: ; --un-backdrop-opacity: ; --un-backdrop-saturate: ; --un-backdrop-sepia: ; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-emoji: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: Arial, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; min-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-wrap-mode: wrap; text-align: justify;"><span style="--un-rotate: 0; --un-rotate-x: 0; --un-rotate-y: 0; --un-rotate-z: 0; --un-scale-x: 1; --un-scale-y: 1; --un-scale-z: 1; --un-skew-x: 0; --un-skew-y: 0; --un-translate-x: 0; --un-translate-y: 0; --un-translate-z: 0; --un-pan-x: ; --un-pan-y: ; --un-pinch-zoom: ; --un-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --un-ordinal: ; --un-slashed-zero: ; --un-numeric-figure: ; --un-numeric-spacing: ; --un-numeric-fraction: ; --un-border-spacing-x: 0; --un-border-spacing-y: 0; --un-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-shadow-inset: ; --un-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-inset: ; --un-ring-offset-width: 0px; --un-ring-offset-color: #fff; --un-ring-width: 0px; --un-ring-color: #93c5fd80; --un-blur: ; --un-brightness: ; --un-contrast: ; --un-drop-shadow: ; --un-grayscale: ; --un-hue-rotate: ; --un-invert: ; --un-saturate: ; --un-sepia: ; --un-backdrop-blur: ; --un-backdrop-brightness: ; --un-backdrop-contrast: ; --un-backdrop-grayscale: ; --un-backdrop-hue-rotate: ; --un-backdrop-invert: ; --un-backdrop-opacity: ; --un-backdrop-saturate: ; --un-backdrop-sepia: ; color: rgb(47, 118, 195);"><span style="--un-rotate: 0; --un-rotate-x: 0; --un-rotate-y: 0; --un-rotate-z: 0; --un-scale-x: 1; --un-scale-y: 1; --un-scale-z: 1; --un-skew-x: 0; --un-skew-y: 0; --un-translate-x: 0; --un-translate-y: 0; --un-translate-z: 0; --un-pan-x: ; --un-pan-y: ; --un-pinch-zoom: ; --un-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --un-ordinal: ; --un-slashed-zero: ; --un-numeric-figure: ; --un-numeric-spacing: ; --un-numeric-fraction: ; --un-border-spacing-x: 0; --un-border-spacing-y: 0; --un-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-shadow-inset: ; --un-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-inset: ; --un-ring-offset-width: 0px; --un-ring-offset-color: #fff; --un-ring-width: 0px; --un-ring-color: #93c5fd80; --un-blur: ; --un-brightness: ; --un-contrast: ; --un-drop-shadow: ; --un-grayscale: ; --un-hue-rotate: ; --un-invert: ; --un-saturate: ; --un-sepia: ; --un-backdrop-blur: ; --un-backdrop-brightness: ; --un-backdrop-contrast: ; --un-backdrop-grayscale: ; --un-backdrop-hue-rotate: ; --un-backdrop-invert: ; --un-backdrop-opacity: ; --un-backdrop-saturate: ; --un-backdrop-sepia: ; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; GRR%=10%意味着什么？</span></span></p><p style="--un-rotate: 0; --un-rotate-x: 0; --un-rotate-y: 0; --un-rotate-z: 0; --un-scale-x: 1; --un-scale-y: 1; --un-scale-z: 1; --un-skew-x: 0; --un-skew-y: 0; --un-translate-x: 0; --un-translate-y: 0; --un-translate-z: 0; --un-pan-x: ; --un-pan-y: ; --un-pinch-zoom: ; --un-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --un-ordinal: ; --un-slashed-zero: ; --un-numeric-figure: ; --un-numeric-spacing: ; --un-numeric-fraction: ; --un-border-spacing-x: 0; --un-border-spacing-y: 0; --un-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-shadow-inset: ; --un-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-inset: ; --un-ring-offset-width: 0px; --un-ring-offset-color: #fff; --un-ring-width: 0px; --un-ring-color: #93c5fd80; --un-blur: ; --un-brightness: ; --un-contrast: ; --un-drop-shadow: ; --un-grayscale: ; --un-hue-rotate: ; --un-invert: ; --un-saturate: ; --un-sepia: ; --un-backdrop-blur: ; --un-backdrop-brightness: ; --un-backdrop-contrast: ; --un-backdrop-grayscale: ; --un-backdrop-hue-rotate: ; --un-backdrop-invert: ; --un-backdrop-opacity: ; --un-backdrop-saturate: ; --un-backdrop-sepia: ; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-emoji: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: Arial, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; min-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-wrap-mode: wrap; text-align: justify;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; GRR%等于10%，这通常被视为一个关键的“及格线”或“警戒值”。它意味着测量系统的变差占到了总变差（或公差）的10%，这个数值恰好处于“优秀”与“可接受”之间的临界点。</p><p style="--un-rotate: 0; --un-rotate-x: 0; --un-rotate-y: 0; --un-rotate-z: 0; --un-scale-x: 1; --un-scale-y: 1; --un-scale-z: 1; --un-skew-x: 0; --un-skew-y: 0; --un-translate-x: 0; --un-translate-y: 0; --un-translate-z: 0; --un-pan-x: ; --un-pan-y: ; --un-pinch-zoom: ; --un-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --un-ordinal: ; --un-slashed-zero: ; --un-numeric-figure: ; --un-numeric-spacing: ; --un-numeric-fraction: ; --un-border-spacing-x: 0; --un-border-spacing-y: 0; --un-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-shadow-inset: ; --un-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-inset: ; --un-ring-offset-width: 0px; --un-ring-offset-color: #fff; --un-ring-width: 0px; --un-ring-color: #93c5fd80; --un-blur: ; --un-brightness: ; --un-contrast: ; --un-drop-shadow: ; --un-grayscale: ; --un-hue-rotate: ; --un-invert: ; --un-saturate: ; --un-sepia: ; --un-backdrop-blur: ; --un-backdrop-brightness: ; --un-backdrop-contrast: ; --un-backdrop-grayscale: ; --un-backdrop-hue-rotate: ; --un-backdrop-invert: ; --un-backdrop-opacity: ; --un-backdrop-saturate: ; --un-backdrop-sepia: ; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-emoji: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: Arial, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; min-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-wrap-mode: wrap; text-align: justify;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 在GRR%=10%时，测量系统引入的误判风险即α错误和β错误处于可接受范围。超过10%后，误判概率将非线性增长。</p><p style="--un-rotate: 0; --un-rotate-x: 0; --un-rotate-y: 0; --un-rotate-z: 0; --un-scale-x: 1; --un-scale-y: 1; --un-scale-z: 1; --un-skew-x: 0; --un-skew-y: 0; --un-translate-x: 0; --un-translate-y: 0; --un-translate-z: 0; --un-pan-x: ; --un-pan-y: ; --un-pinch-zoom: ; --un-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --un-ordinal: ; --un-slashed-zero: ; --un-numeric-figure: ; --un-numeric-spacing: ; --un-numeric-fraction: ; --un-border-spacing-x: 0; --un-border-spacing-y: 0; --un-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-shadow-inset: ; --un-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-inset: ; --un-ring-offset-width: 0px; --un-ring-offset-color: #fff; --un-ring-width: 0px; --un-ring-color: #93c5fd80; --un-blur: ; --un-brightness: ; --un-contrast: ; --un-drop-shadow: ; --un-grayscale: ; --un-hue-rotate: ; --un-invert: ; --un-saturate: ; --un-sepia: ; --un-backdrop-blur: ; --un-backdrop-brightness: ; --un-backdrop-contrast: ; --un-backdrop-grayscale: ; --un-backdrop-hue-rotate: ; --un-backdrop-invert: ; --un-backdrop-opacity: ; --un-backdrop-saturate: ; --un-backdrop-sepia: ; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-emoji: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: Arial, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; min-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-wrap-mode: wrap; text-align: justify;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;当GRR%=10%时，测量系统<span style="--un-rotate: 0; --un-rotate-x: 0; --un-rotate-y: 0; --un-rotate-z: 0; --un-scale-x: 1; --un-scale-y: 1; --un-scale-z: 1; --un-skew-x: 0; --un-skew-y: 0; --un-translate-x: 0; --un-translate-y: 0; --un-translate-z: 0; --un-pan-x: ; --un-pan-y: ; --un-pinch-zoom: ; --un-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --un-ordinal: ; --un-slashed-zero: ; --un-numeric-figure: ; --un-numeric-spacing: ; --un-numeric-fraction: ; --un-border-spacing-x: 0; --un-border-spacing-y: 0; --un-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-shadow-inset: ; --un-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-inset: ; --un-ring-offset-width: 0px; --un-ring-offset-color: #fff; --un-ring-width: 0px; --un-ring-color: #93c5fd80; --un-blur: ; --un-brightness: ; --un-contrast: ; --un-drop-shadow: ; --un-grayscale: ; --un-hue-rotate: ; --un-invert: ; --un-saturate: ; --un-sepia: ; --un-backdrop-blur: ; --un-backdrop-brightness: ; --un-backdrop-contrast: ; --un-backdrop-grayscale: ; --un-backdrop-hue-rotate: ; --un-backdrop-invert: ; --un-backdrop-opacity: ; --un-backdrop-saturate: ; --un-backdrop-sepia: ; color: rgb(47, 118, 195);">方差</span>占总方差的1%（0.1²）。此时，我们可以近似认为数据的波动是产品间的波动，而不是测量系统自己在波动；我们观测到的过程能力指数Cp、Cpk与实际值差异极小，可视为可靠。</p><p style="--un-rotate: 0; --un-rotate-x: 0; --un-rotate-y: 0; --un-rotate-z: 0; --un-scale-x: 1; --un-scale-y: 1; --un-scale-z: 1; --un-skew-x: 0; --un-skew-y: 0; --un-translate-x: 0; --un-translate-y: 0; --un-translate-z: 0; --un-pan-x: ; --un-pan-y: ; --un-pinch-zoom: ; --un-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --un-ordinal: ; --un-slashed-zero: ; --un-numeric-figure: ; --un-numeric-spacing: ; --un-numeric-fraction: ; --un-border-spacing-x: 0; --un-border-spacing-y: 0; --un-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-shadow-inset: ; --un-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-inset: ; --un-ring-offset-width: 0px; --un-ring-offset-color: #fff; --un-ring-width: 0px; --un-ring-color: #93c5fd80; --un-blur: ; --un-brightness: ; --un-contrast: ; --un-drop-shadow: ; --un-grayscale: ; --un-hue-rotate: ; --un-invert: ; --un-saturate: ; --un-sepia: ; --un-backdrop-blur: ; --un-backdrop-brightness: ; --un-backdrop-contrast: ; --un-backdrop-grayscale: ; --un-backdrop-hue-rotate: ; --un-backdrop-invert: ; --un-backdrop-opacity: ; --un-backdrop-saturate: ; --un-backdrop-sepia: ; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-emoji: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: Arial, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; min-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-wrap-mode: wrap; text-align: justify;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 假设GRR%=20%，测量误差对方差的贡献将升至4%（0.2²）。这会导致过程能力被显著低估。</p><p style="--un-rotate: 0; --un-rotate-x: 0; --un-rotate-y: 0; --un-rotate-z: 0; --un-scale-x: 1; --un-scale-y: 1; --un-scale-z: 1; --un-skew-x: 0; --un-skew-y: 0; --un-translate-x: 0; --un-translate-y: 0; --un-translate-z: 0; --un-pan-x: ; --un-pan-y: ; --un-pinch-zoom: ; --un-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --un-ordinal: ; --un-slashed-zero: ; --un-numeric-figure: ; --un-numeric-spacing: ; --un-numeric-fraction: ; --un-border-spacing-x: 0; --un-border-spacing-y: 0; --un-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-shadow-inset: ; --un-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-inset: ; --un-ring-offset-width: 0px; --un-ring-offset-color: #fff; --un-ring-width: 0px; --un-ring-color: #93c5fd80; --un-blur: ; --un-brightness: ; --un-contrast: ; --un-drop-shadow: ; --un-grayscale: ; --un-hue-rotate: ; --un-invert: ; --un-saturate: ; --un-sepia: ; --un-backdrop-blur: ; --un-backdrop-brightness: ; --un-backdrop-contrast: ; --un-backdrop-grayscale: ; --un-backdrop-hue-rotate: ; --un-backdrop-invert: ; --un-backdrop-opacity: ; --un-backdrop-saturate: ; --un-backdrop-sepia: ; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-emoji: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: Arial, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; min-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-wrap-mode: wrap; text-align: justify;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;对质量要求较严格的行业，如汽车、航空、医疗器械等领域，为了最大限度消除测量系统影响，降低决策风险，都明确要求GRR% ≤ 10%。</p><p style="--un-rotate: 0; --un-rotate-x: 0; --un-rotate-y: 0; --un-rotate-z: 0; --un-scale-x: 1; --un-scale-y: 1; --un-scale-z: 1; --un-skew-x: 0; --un-skew-y: 0; --un-translate-x: 0; --un-translate-y: 0; --un-translate-z: 0; --un-pan-x: ; --un-pan-y: ; --un-pinch-zoom: ; --un-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --un-ordinal: ; --un-slashed-zero: ; --un-numeric-figure: ; --un-numeric-spacing: ; --un-numeric-fraction: ; --un-border-spacing-x: 0; --un-border-spacing-y: 0; --un-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-shadow-inset: ; --un-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-inset: ; --un-ring-offset-width: 0px; --un-ring-offset-color: #fff; --un-ring-width: 0px; --un-ring-color: #93c5fd80; --un-blur: ; --un-brightness: ; --un-contrast: ; --un-drop-shadow: ; --un-grayscale: ; --un-hue-rotate: ; --un-invert: ; --un-saturate: ; --un-sepia: ; --un-backdrop-blur: ; --un-backdrop-brightness: ; --un-backdrop-contrast: ; --un-backdrop-grayscale: ; --un-backdrop-hue-rotate: ; --un-backdrop-invert: ; --un-backdrop-opacity: ; --un-backdrop-saturate: ; --un-backdrop-sepia: ; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variant-emoji: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: Arial, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; min-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-wrap-mode: wrap; text-align: justify;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 需要注意的是，判断测量系统GRR时要结合有效分辨率NDC去分析。<span style="--un-rotate: 0; --un-rotate-x: 0; --un-rotate-y: 0; --un-rotate-z: 0; --un-scale-x: 1; --un-scale-y: 1; --un-scale-z: 1; --un-skew-x: 0; --un-skew-y: 0; --un-translate-x: 0; --un-translate-y: 0; --un-translate-z: 0; --un-pan-x: ; --un-pan-y: ; --un-pinch-zoom: ; --un-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --un-ordinal: ; --un-slashed-zero: ; --un-numeric-figure: ; --un-numeric-spacing: ; --un-numeric-fraction: ; --un-border-spacing-x: 0; --un-border-spacing-y: 0; --un-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-shadow-inset: ; --un-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --un-ring-inset: ; --un-ring-offset-width: 0px; --un-ring-offset-color: #fff; --un-ring-width: 0px; --un-ring-color: #93c5fd80; --un-blur: ; --un-brightness: ; --un-contrast: ; --un-drop-shadow: ; --un-grayscale: ; --un-hue-rotate: ; --un-invert: ; --un-saturate: ; --un-sepia: ; --un-backdrop-blur: ; --un-backdrop-brightness: ; --un-backdrop-contrast: ; --un-backdrop-grayscale: ; --un-backdrop-hue-rotate: ; --un-backdrop-invert: ; --un-backdrop-opacity: ; --un-backdrop-saturate: ; --un-backdrop-sepia: ;">NDC ≥ 5才能确保测量系统能区分零件间的微小差异。如果 NDC&lt;5时，数据无法区分零件差异，审核中直接判不符合项。</span></p><p><br/></p>]]></description><category>质量工具</category><comments>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/MSA_8126.html#comment</comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/feed.asp?cmt=166</wfw:commentRss></item><item><title>控制图P图与NP图的区别|SPC企业内训</title><author>hepsoar@163.com (质量管理)</author><link>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/SPC_5444.html</link><pubDate>Mon, 17 Nov 2025 11:45:47 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/SPC_5444.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p><span leaf="" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-size: 17px; font-family: mp-quote, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; letter-spacing: 0.034em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span>SPC控制图中，对于计数型数据，常采用P图、NP图、U图、C图这几种控制图。在实际应用中，你有没有疑惑，到底什么情况下用P图，什么情况下用NP图呢？本文主要解决这个疑问。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;P图是一种计数型控制图，它用于监控样本中不合格品比例的变化。P图用于控制对象为不合格品率或合格率等计数型质量指标的场合。常见的应用有不合格品率、废品率、交货延迟率、缺勤率、差错率等等。</p><p><br/></p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;NP控制图也是一种计数型控制图，它绘制的是每个分组样本中的不合格品数。每个分组样本必须有相同的样本量或者各个样本量足够相似可以看作相等。NP图表示不合格品的实际数量而不是与样本的比率。&nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; NP控制图要求为检验数最好相同，或者只考核不合格品数量的应用。如果检验数量不同，则建议用P图。P图适用于样本量不固定的场景，通过分析样本中不合格品比例的波动，P图可以帮助企业发现质量问题并及时调整生产工艺。</p><p data-pm-slice="5 4 []">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; P图与NP图的主要区别罗列如下：</p><p>1. 样本要求不一样<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;P图样本量不需固定，而NP图要求每个分组必须有相同的样本量或各个样本量足够相似，可以看作相等。</p><p>2. 数据表现形式不一样<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;P图关注不合格品比例，而NP图关注不合格品数量。</p><p>3. 计算方式不一样<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>&nbsp; &nbsp; P图以比例为分析单位，计算公式为不合格品数量量除以样本量。NP图以数量为分析单位，直接统计样本中的不合格品数量。</p><p>4、控制限计算不一样</p><p data-pm-slice="0 0 []">&nbsp; &nbsp; P图和NP图均基于二项分布，当<semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></semantics>时近似正态分布。‌‌</p><p><img src="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/zb_users/upload/2025/11/2025111742364633.jpg" title="P图控制限.jpg" style="width: 461px; height: 298px;"/></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: none;"><li><section>不合格品数控制图nP图是不合格品率控制图P图的一个补充。在实际应用中，要根据两组控制图的特点灵活应用。</section></li><li><section>&nbsp;当要控制不合格品数时，由于计算不合格品率需要进行除法，相对比较麻烦，所以在样本大小相同的情况下，用NP图比较方便。</section></li><li><section>&nbsp;如果样本量变化频繁，就要选P</section></li></ul><p>图。如果样本量固定，建议选择NP图。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 当不合格数相对较低时，用PPM较难时，用NP图。当批量相对较低，用P图较难时，最好用NP图。当不合格品实际数量比不合格品率更有意义或更容易报告也建议用NP图。</p><p><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 徐老师 二十余年质量管理咨询实战经验，期待与您合作13691373360。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; MSA企业内训可根据企业实际需求调整培训内容和培训时长，可增加现场辅导，夯实msa应用。</p><p><br/></p><p>推荐阅读：</p><p style="text-align:left;background:white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/7.html"><span style="color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">徐老师介绍</span></a> </span></p><p style="text-align:left;background:white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/18.html"><span style="color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">如何收集SPC</span><span style="color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">数据？</span></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p><p style="text-align:left;background:white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/SPC.html"><span style="color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">为什么SPC</span><span style="color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">中Cpk</span><span style="color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">必须大于1.33</span></a></span></p><p style="text-align:left;background:white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/SPC_3718.html"><span style="color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">SPC</span><span style="color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">的前提</span></a>&nbsp; </span></p><p style="text-align:left;background:white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/SPC_4889.html"><span style="color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">Cpk</span><span style="color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">和Ppk</span><span style="color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">怎么选？</span></a></span></p><p><br/></p>]]></description><category>质量工具</category><comments>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/SPC_5444.html#comment</comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/feed.asp?cmt=165</wfw:commentRss></item><item><title>MSA试题（含答案）</title><author>null@null.com (admin)</author><link>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/MSA_2432.html</link><pubDate>Mon, 17 Nov 2025 10:49:16 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/MSA_2432.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important">MSA讲师 徐老师 13691373360，期待与您合作。</p><p style="margin-bottom:13px;text-align:left;line-height:115%;text-autospace:none"><span style=";line-height:115%;color:black;background:white">MSA企业内训可根据企业实际需求调整培训内容和培训时长。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><br/></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px;">MSA试题（选择题，部分为多选）</span></p><p data-pm-slice="0 0 []" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1.MSA（测量系统分析）的主要目的是什么？（&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;）</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A.提高产品质量</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B.降低生产成本</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C.优化生产流程</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">D.减少设备故障</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible;">A</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">2.在MSA中，测量系统的变差来源不包括（&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;）。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A.人为误差</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B.设备变差</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C.样品变差</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">D.测量环境</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible;">&nbsp;C</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">3.在测量系统分析中，评价一个人使用一件测量设备，对同一零件的某一个特性进行多次测量下的变差，称为（&nbsp; &nbsp;）</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A.重复性</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B.偏倚</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C.稳定性</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">D.线性</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">E.再现性</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible;">A</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">4.测量系统的重复性是指（ ）</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A.&nbsp;不同测量人员测量结果的差异</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B.&nbsp;同一测量人员用同一量具多次测量同一零件同一特性时获得的测量值的变差</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C.&nbsp;测量系统在不同时间测量同一零件的差异</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible;">B</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">5重复性是由（&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;）个评价人，采用同一种测量仪器，多册测量同一零件的同一特性时获得的测量变差。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A1</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B2</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C3</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">D4</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">A</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">6.位置误差一般是通过分析（&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;）和线性来确定。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A偏倚</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B精密度</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C反复性</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">D再现性</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">A</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">7.下列那种分析方法不是用于基本计量型测量系统的。（&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;）</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A极差法</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B均值极差法</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C假设检查分析</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">DANOVA</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答C</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">8.测量仪器分辨力的第一准则应当至少是（&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;）。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A公差的五分之一</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B公差的十分之一</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C过程变差的五分之一</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">D过程变差的十分之一</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">B</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">9.（&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;）是指重复性随时间的变化程度。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A稳定性</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B一致性</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C均一性</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">D线性</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">A</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">10.下列说法正确的有：a随机误差就是由于一般原因导致的误差。B系统误差是由于特殊原因导致的误差。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A&nbsp;只有a对</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B只有b对</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C a、b都对</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">D a、b都不对</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">D</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">11.测量系统变差中，与测量人员有关的是（&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;）。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A重复性</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B再现性</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C稳定性</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">B</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">12用于判断测量系统是否可接受的P/T比，一般要求（&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;）。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A&nbsp;小于<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">10%</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B小于<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">30%</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C小于<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">50%</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">A</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">13当测量系统的偏倚较大时，可能是（&nbsp; &nbsp;）的问题。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A量具校准</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B样本选取</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C测量方法</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">A</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">14MSA对过程改进的作用有（&nbsp; &nbsp;）。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A识别测量误差</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B优化测量系统</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C提高过程分析能力</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">D降低成本</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">ABCD</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">15以下哪些情况可能导致测量系统的再现性变差（&nbsp; &nbsp;）。</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A测量人员培训不足</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B量具损坏</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C测量环境变化大</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">D样本不一致</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">AC</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">16.</span><span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">稳定性是指测量系统在（</span><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">）时间内测量同一基准或零件的单一特性时获得的测量值总变差。</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">较短</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">较长</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">任意</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答B</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">17.&nbsp;<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">测量系统的宽度误差包括（</span><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">）。</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">偏倚</span><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">稳定性</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">线性</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">D<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">重复性</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">E<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">再现性</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答：DE</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">18.&nbsp;<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">当再现性大于重复性的时候，原因可能是（</span><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">）。</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">仪器需要维护</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">评价者需要更好的培训</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">零件变差过度大</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">D<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">以上答案都对</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答B</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">19<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">测量系统的稳定性分析最好的方法是通过（</span><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">）控制图来实现。</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">均值极差图</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">BP<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">图</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">鱼骨图</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">D<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">直方图</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答A</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">20<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">以下哪一个不是造成过分偏倚的可能原因（</span><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">&nbsp;</span></span><span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">）。</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">仪器需要校准</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">B<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">仪器或加紧装置的磨损</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">C<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">基准出现误差</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">D<span leaf="" style="font-size: 16px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%;">重复性误差</span></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);font-family: &#39;PingFang SC&#39;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei UI&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;text-wrap-mode: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">答D</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">推荐阅读</span></p><p style="text-align:left;background:white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/7.html"><span style="color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">徐老师介绍</span></a></span></p><p style="text-align:left;background:white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/MSA_3826.html"><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:等线;color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">什么是MSA</span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:等线;color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">，是GR&amp;R</span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:等线;color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">吗？</span></a></span></p><p style="text-align:left;background:white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/MSA.html"><span style="color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">为什么MSA</span></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-align:left;background:white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/19.html"><span style="color:#548DD4;text-underline:none">计数型测量系统的MSA</span></a></span></p><p><br/></p>]]></description><category>质量工具</category><comments>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/MSA_2432.html#comment</comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/feed.asp?cmt=162</wfw:commentRss></item><item><title>如何做好质量体系管理评审</title><author>hepsoar@163.com (质量管理)</author><link>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/iso22163_2195.html</link><pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2025 11:49:25 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/iso22163_2195.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;依据质量管理体系标准，最高管理者应按照策划的时间间隔（通常一年至少一次）对组织的质量管理体系（如ISO9001、IATF16949、ISO22163、 AS9100、 GJB9001等）进行管理评审。管理评审通常由企业的最高管理者（总经理）主持，以管理评审会议的形式进行。管理评审的目的是评估质量管理体系的适宜性、充分性和有效性。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;管理评审是最高管理者对质量管理体系全方位的评审，其有效实施是质量管理体系运行、保持及持续改进非常重要的环节。但是，现实中，多数企业对其质量管理体系未能进行有效的评审，管理评审未体现出应有的作用。究其原因，主要是管理评审参与者未能深入理解管理评审所需的输入和输出内容，评审会议提供的输入和输出资料质量不高。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 为了提升管理评审的有效性，下面主要阐述对管理评审输入和输出要求的理解。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/></p><p>管理评审输入报告或资料包括：</p><p>1、以往管理评审所采取措施的状况：</p><p>内容：&nbsp;跟踪上次管理评审决定的改进措施（如“投资新检测设备”、“优化供应商审核流程”）的完成情况和效果。</p><p>举例：&nbsp;上次评审决定“降低A产品工序不良率至500PPM”，措施“购买XX型号光学检测仪”已完成采购和验收，目前该工序不良率已降至450PPM，目标已达成。</p><p><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/></p><p>2、与管理体系相关的内外部因素的变化：</p><p>内容：&nbsp;SWOT分析（优势、劣势、机会、威胁）、PEST分析（政治、经济、社会、技术）。如市场趋势、新技术（如电动车）、新法规（如碳排放）、竞争对手动态等。</p><p>举例：&nbsp;外部：主要客户B公司宣布2025年全面转向电动车，我们的发动机零部件业务面临转型压力。内部：公司新引入了MES制造执行系统，生产效率数据可视化程度提高。</p><p>3、关于以下方面的信息的评审：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>a)&nbsp;顾客满意和相关方的反馈：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>内容：&nbsp;客户满意度调查结果、客户记分卡、客户投诉/表扬、第三方审核结果、员工反馈等。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>举例：&nbsp;客户C的年度满意度评分为85分（目标≥90分），主要扣分项为“交付准时率”和“投诉响应速度”。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>b)&nbsp;质量目标的实现程度：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>内容：&nbsp;公司级、部门级质量目标的达成情况统计。必须包含趋势分析。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>举例：&nbsp;公司级目标“出货产品不良率（PPM）”全年趋势为：Q1-800、Q2-750、 Q3-600、Q4-900（目标≤700）。Q4出现反弹，经分析主要因新员工操作不熟练导致。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>c)&nbsp;过程绩效以及产品和服务的符合性：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>内容：&nbsp;制造过程合格率、设备OEE、供应商来料合格率、内部审核发现等。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>举例：&nbsp;注塑过程FTT（首次通过率）从95%下降至92%，主要原因是模具磨损导致尺寸波动。供应商E的来料合格率持续低于95%目标，已启动现场审核。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>d)&nbsp;不合格以及纠正措施的状况：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>内容：&nbsp;内部不合格品处理记录、内外部审核不符合项的纠正措施有效性验证。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>举例：&nbsp;全年共处理内部不合格品125起，其中“尺寸超差”占比40%。针对客户投诉发起的5份8D报告，均已按时关闭，并经验证措施有效。”<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>e)&nbsp;监视和测量结果：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>内容：&nbsp;对关键过程特性和产品特性（CPK/Ppk）的统计数据分析。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>举例：&nbsp;关键工序“热处理硬度”的CPK值为1.45（目标≥1.33），过程能力充足。但新产品“F支架”的平面度Ppk仅为1.0，过程能力不足，需要优化加工参数。”<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>f)&nbsp;审核结果：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>内容：&nbsp;内部审核、客户审核、第三方审核的所有发现。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>举例：&nbsp;本年度内审共发现5个严重不符合项，15个一般不符合项，主要分布在“设备维护”和“文件控制”过程。客户F的现场审核给出了“有条件通过”的结论，有3个问题项需在1个月内整改。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>g)&nbsp;外部供方的绩效：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>内容：&nbsp;供应商的交付准时率、质量绩效（PPM）、服务等。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>举例：&nbsp;战略供应商G的交付准时率为98.5%（目标99%），因两次物流延迟导致我司生产线停线30分钟。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>4、资源的充分性：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>内容：&nbsp;评估人员、设备、技术、环境、资金等资源是否足以维持和提升质量管理体系。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>举例：&nbsp;随着产量增加，三坐标测量机已满负荷运行，成为检测瓶颈，建议增加一台。质量部目前仅有2名SQE，无法满足对35家关键供应商的审核计划，建议增编1人。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>应对风险和机遇所采取行动的有效性：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>内容：&nbsp;基于风险思维，评估已识别的风险（如单一供应商）和机遇（如新市场、新工艺）的应对措施是否有效。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>举例：&nbsp;为应对“核心芯片单一供应商”风险，我们已成功开发了第二供应商J，并完成PPAP批准，风险已降低。为抓住“轻量化”机遇，我们投资的铝合金压铸生产线已通过客户认证，预计明年可带来20%新订单。”<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>5、改进的机会：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>内容：&nbsp;基于以上所有输入，总结出的潜在改进领域和建议。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>举例：&nbsp;建议成立跨部门小组，专项攻关“电镀外观不良”问题。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>管理评审输出是管理评审会议的成果，是管理层做出的决策，必须清晰、可执行。管理评审输出通常包括以下内容：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>1、改进的机会：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>内容：&nbsp;针对输入中识别的问题和机遇，明确具体的改进项目。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>举例：&nbsp;决议：批准立项“提升客户C交付准时率”改进项目，由物流部主导，生产部配合，目标在6个月内将准时率从95%提升至98%。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>2、质量管理体系所需的变更：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>内容：&nbsp;当体系被判定为不适宜或不充分时，决定对体系进行变更。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>举例：&nbsp;决议：为适应新产品线，决定对《设计和开发控制程序》进行修订，增加“软件确认”环节。由技术部在下一季度完成。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>3、资源需求：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>内容：&nbsp;明确批准新增的资源。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>举例：&nbsp;决议：批准质量部增编1名SQE，预算为XX万元/年。批准采购一台新的三坐标测量机，预算为YY万元，由设备部在下个财年第一季度执行采购。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>4、与顾客要求相关的产品的改进：<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>内容：&nbsp;针对客户反馈和产品符合性问题，决定对产品本身进行改进。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>举例：&nbsp;决议：针对“F支架平面度”问题，授权技术部投入5万元预算，进行工装夹具优化和加工参数试验，要求在3个月内将Ppk提升至1.33以上。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;只有在正确和深入理解管理评审输入要求的基础上，企业各部门才能写出既满足标准要求，又反映质量管理体系实际运行情况的输入材料。通过管理评审会议，充分讨论体系运行中的薄弱环节或问题，做出管理评审的决议事项，决策需要解决什么问题，如何解决问题。完成这些，才能突出管理评审机制作为质量管理体系重要环节的作用。</p><p><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></p><p><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></p><hr style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); transform-origin: 0px 0px; transform: scale(1, 0.5); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/><p><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></p><p></p><section>徐老师 质量管理培训师，咨询师。提供ISO9001、IATF16949、ISO22163、AS9100、GJB9001、VDA6.3等标准的咨询辅导、培训服务。提供APQP、FMEA、MSA、SPC、PPAP、DOE、QFD、FTA、新/老QC7、8D等质量工具的培训及咨询辅导。提供QCC品管圈（QC小组活动）、六西格玛管理等质量改善的培训及咨询辅导。提供可靠性、RAMS、军工装备 “六性”、可靠性统计分析等的培训及咨询辅导。提供TQM、零缺陷管理、质量成本管理、项目管理、卓越绩效等相关质量管理的培训及咨询辅导。</section><section><p>Tel:13691373360 &nbsp; <a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn" _src="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn">www.dajiangtang.org.cn</a> </p><p><br/></p><p>相关文章推荐：</p></section><p></p><p style="background: white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/7.html"><span style="color: black">徐老师介绍</span></a></span></p><p style="background: white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/ISO.html"><span style="color: black">一篇文章搞懂内审员和外审员</span></a></span></p><p style="background: white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/iso22163_2195.html"><span style="color:black">如何做好管理评审？</span></a></span></p><p style="background: white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/CQI8%E5%9F%B9%E8%AE%AD.html"><span style="color:black">怎样做分层审核</span><span style="color:black">LPA</span></a></span></p><p style="background: white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/vda6.3.html"><span style="color: black">过程审核</span><span style="color: black">vda6.3</span><span style="color: black">怎么评级</span></a></span></p><p style="background: white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/29.html"><span style="color: black">过程审核</span><span style="color: black">VDA6.3</span><span style="color: black">培训</span></a></span></p><p style="background: white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/VDA6.3_1732.html"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 等线;color: black">过程审核法宝</span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 等线;color: black">VDA6.3</span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 等线;color: black">标准</span></a></span></p><p><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/VDA6.3_8243.html"><span style="color:black">VDA6.3</span><span style="color:black">对内部过程审核员的能力要求</span></a></span></p><p><br/></p>]]></description><category>质量体系</category><comments>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/iso22163_2195.html#comment</comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/feed.asp?cmt=161</wfw:commentRss></item><item><title>到底要不要上FMEA软件？|FMEA老师</title><author>hepsoar@163.com (质量管理)</author><link>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/FMEA_7467.html</link><pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2025 11:08:17 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/FMEA_7467.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;FMEA失效模式及影响分析（Failure Mode and Effects Analysis）</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;或者您是对FMEA感兴趣，或者是公司已经开始应用FMEA，正在纠结要不要买FMEA软件。我们给出的建议是：要不要上FMEA软件，取决于您公司目前FMEA的应用程度。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 任何FMEA软件都无法自动帮您做FMEA。FMEA软件可以提升文件管理效率，自动更新相关文件信息；同时，FMEA软件还能自动生成过程流程图、控制计划、作业指导书、检验指导书等，实现FMEA关联文件的闭环；它还可以进行FMEA分析工作，大大减少了FMEA工程师的工作量。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 打个比方，很多人都用过AI自动做PPT吧，一键生成，非常过瘾。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 但是，在做ppt之前，您得有个能喂给AI的基础文件，否则，巧妇也难做无米之炊呀。另一方面，AI做的PPT非常基础，很难展示演讲者的灵魂。应该不会有真正的主讲人直接用一键生成的PPT去演讲吧！他一定会根据自己的思路，重新调整权重，图表，来展示自己的核心内容。但是，AI做PPT确实减少了负责粘贴这些重复工作，大大降低了工作量。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 同理，FMEA软件也无法为您自动FMEA。您公司如果已经有完备的FMEA文件，或者打算全面地、扎实地进行FMEA工作，FMEA软件确实可以简化过程，减少工作量。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 但是，FMEA软件永远无法代替您做基础的FMEA分析。FMEA一定是多功能小组团队协作的结果，后面的FMEA软件也好，简单的Excel表格也罢，都是将团队分析结果记录的一个过程。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;鉴于以上，如果您公司产品和过程相对简单，FMEA软件带给您的便捷性提升并不一定很多，您可以权衡是否有必要引入FMEA软件。如果您公司产品复杂，FMEA文件也非常庞杂，FMEA软件就能大大提升FMEA管理效率。<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 对于很多企业，尤其是汽车行业供应链企业来说，最初开始FMEA可能是因为IATF16949标准要求，或者说顾客要求，所以多数企业FMEA做的浮于表面，对产品质量的有效控制基本无益。此时，最应该着手的是深入学习FMEA工具，然后开始扎实地做FMEA工作。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 建议这类企业理解FMEA工具逻辑内涵后，从头组建FMEA多功能小组，确定产品和过程的分析结构，明确其对应的功能要求，依据功能要求充分识别产品和过程的潜在失效模式、失效原因及失效后果，利用S、O、D准则确定相关风险，针对风险采取针对性措施，从而提升公司产品技术、质量及可靠性水平，同时输出高质量的FMEA文档，为新产品、新工艺开发及员工能力提升奠定良好基础。&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 综上，FMEA软件只是助力，是工具，FMEA的内核和基础必须脚踏实地去搭建，去完成。高质量的FMEA文件，是企业核心技术文档，是沉淀经验、传承知识的重要无形资产，更是企业持续提升质量与竞争力的宝贵财富。</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: transparent; letter-spacing: 0.034em;"><br/></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: transparent; letter-spacing: 0.034em;"></span></p><p><span style="font-size:14px">徐老师 质量管理领域培训师，咨询师。提供ISO9001、IATF16949、ISO22163、AS9100、GJB9001、VDA6.3等培训及咨询辅导。提供APQP、FMEA、MSA、SPC、PPAP、DOE、QFD、FTA、新/老QC7、8D等质量工具的培训及咨询辅导。提供QCC品管圈（QC小组活动）、六西格玛管理等质量改善的培训及咨询辅导。提供可靠性、RAMS、军工装备 “六性”、可靠性统计分析等的培训及咨询辅导。提供全面质量管理TQM、零缺陷管理、质量成本管理、项目管理、卓越绩效等相关质量管理的培训及咨询辅导。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:14px">Tel</span><span style="font-size: 14px">：13691373360&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p><p><span style="font-size:14px">www.dajiangtang.org.cn</span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: transparent; letter-spacing: 0.034em;"><br/></span></p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-wrap-mode: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: transparent; letter-spacing: 0.034em;">FMEA相关文章：</span></p><p style="background: white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/FMEA_3485.html"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 等线;color: black">FMEA</span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 等线;color: black">七步法学习迫在眉睫</span></a></span></p><p style="background: white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/FMEA_3471.html"><span style="color:black">FMEA7</span><span style="color:black">步法介绍</span></a></span></p><p style="background: white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/FMEA_7471.html"><span style="color:black">FMEA7</span><span style="color:black">步法的两个必会的工具</span></a></span></p><p style="background: white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/MFMEA.html"><span style="color:black">什么是</span><span style="color:black">MFMEA</span></a></span></p><p style="background: white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/FMEA_1475.html"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 等线;color: black">FMEA</span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 等线;color: black">、</span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 等线;color: black">DFMEA</span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 等线;color: black">、</span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 等线;color: black">PFMEA</span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 等线;color: black">、</span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 等线;color: black">FMECA</span><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 等线;color: black">的关系</span></a></span></p><p style="background: white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/FMEA_3353.html"><span style="color:black">怎样才能做好</span><span style="color:black">FMEA</span><span style="color:black">？要重视两个方面</span></a></span></p><p style="background: white"><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/FMEA%E6%80%8E%E6%A0%B7%E6%89%8D%E5%90%88%E6%A0%BC.html"><span style="color:black">如何检查</span><span style="color: black">PFMEA</span><span style="color:black">是否合格</span></a></span></p><p><span style="font-size:13px;font-family:&#39;微软雅黑&#39;,sans-serif;color:#548DD4"><a href="http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/FMEA_1621.html"><span style="color:black">做好</span><span style="color:black">FMEA</span><span style="color:black">的基础：如何区分功能和性能</span></a></span></p><p><br/></p>]]></description><category>质量工具</category><comments>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/post/FMEA_7467.html#comment</comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.dajiangtang.org.cn/feed.asp?cmt=160</wfw:commentRss></item></channel></rss>
